fix error message

I had the case that frees would invalidate memory set_err would later
use, so putting frees after set_err is probably good practice.

Makefile

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+ifneq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
+CPPFLAGS = -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=200112L
+endif
 CFLAGS  = -ggdb -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wold-style-definition
 #CFLAGS  = -pg -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wold-style-definition
 #CFLAGS  = -O3 -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wold-style-definition
@@ -12,7 +15,7 @@ $(EXE): $(OBJ)
 	$(CC) -o $@ $^ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
 
 %.o: %.c
-	$(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)
+	$(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
 
 deps.mk: $(SOURCE) $(HEADERS)
 	@echo "# Automatically generated by $(CC) -MM." > $@

examples/calculator.script

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+put("Enter an operation (+, -, *, /): ")
+op := getln()
+if (!(op == "+" || op == "-" || op == "*" || op == "/")) {
+	put("Unknown operation: ")
+	putln(op)
+} else {
+	put("1st number: ")
+	n1 := float(getln())
+	put("2nd number: ")
+	n2 := float(getln())
+
+	put("Result: ")
+	if (op == "+")
+		putln(n1 + n2)
+	else if (op == "-")
+		putln(n1 - n2)
+	else if (op == "*")
+		putln(n1 * n2)
+	else if (op == "/")
+		putln(n1 / n2)
+}

examples/fib.script

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ while i {
 	z := x + y
 	y = x
 	x = z
-	print(z)
+	putln(z)
 	i = i - 1
 }

examples/mandelbrot.script

@@ -65,19 +65,18 @@ while y < height {
 			it = it + 1
 		}
 
-		if it <= iterations / 5 {
+		if it <= iterations / 5
 			put(' ')
-		} else if it <= iterations / 5 * 2 {
+		else if it <= iterations / 5 * 2
 			put('.')
-		} else if it <= iterations / 5 * 3 {
+		else if it <= iterations / 5 * 3
 			put(',')
-		} else if it <= iterations / 5 * 4 {
+		else if it <= iterations / 5 * 4
 			put('*')
-		} else if it < iterations {
+		else if it < iterations
 			put('+')
-		} else if it == iterations {
+		else if it == iterations
 			put('#')
-		}
 
 		x = x + 1
 	}

examples/pi.script

@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ while k < iterations {
 	k = k + 1
 }
 
-print(sum)
+put("π ≈ ")
+putln(sum)

ir.c

@@ -4,150 +4,231 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 const char *irinstr_str[IRInstrEnumSize] = {
-	[IRSet] = "set",
-	[IRNeg] = "neg",
-	[IRAdd] = "add",
-	[IRSub] = "sub",
-	[IRMul] = "mul",
-	[IRDiv] = "div",
-	[IREq]  = "eq",
-	[IRLt]  = "lt",
-	[IRLe]  = "le",
-	[IRNot] = "not",
-	[IRAnd] = "and",
-	[IROr]  = "or",
-	[IRJmp] = "jmp",
-	[IRJnz] = "jnz",
+	[IRSet]          = "set",
+	[IRNeg]          = "neg",
+	[IRAdd]          = "add",
+	[IRSub]          = "sub",
+	[IRMul]          = "mul",
+	[IRDiv]          = "div",
+	[IREq]           = "eq",
+	[IRNeq]          = "neq",
+	[IRLt]           = "lt",
+	[IRLe]           = "le",
+	[IRNot]          = "not",
+	[IRAnd]          = "and",
+	[IROr]           = "or",
+	[IRJmp]          = "jmp",
+	[IRJnz]          = "jnz",
 	[IRCallInternal] = "calli",
+	[IRAddrOf]       = "addrof",
+	[IRArrMake]      = "mkarr",
 };
 
-#define IRTOKS_INIT_CAP_LONG 4096
-#define IRTOKS_INIT_CAP_SHORT 16
+#define IRLIST_INIT_CAP_LONG 4096
+#define IRLIST_INIT_CAP_SHORT 16
 
-static void irtoks_init_with_cap(IRToks *v, size_t cap);
+static void irlist_init_with_cap(IRList *v, size_t cap);
+static IRItem *irlist_new_item(IRList *v);
 
-static void irtoks_init_with_cap(IRToks *v, size_t cap) {
-	v->toks = xmalloc(sizeof(IRTok) * cap);
+static void irlist_init_with_cap(IRList *v, size_t cap) {
+	v->begin = NULL;
+	v->end = NULL;
+	v->p = pool_new(sizeof(IRItem) * cap);
+	v->index = NULL;
 	v->len = 0;
-	v->cap = cap;
 }
 
-void irtoks_init_long(IRToks *v) {
-	irtoks_init_with_cap(v, IRTOKS_INIT_CAP_LONG);
-
+static IRItem *irlist_new_item(IRList *v) {
+	IRItem *ret = pool_alloc(v->p, sizeof(IRItem));
+	ret->next = NULL;
+	return ret;
 }
 
-void irtoks_init_short(IRToks *v) {
-	irtoks_init_with_cap(v, IRTOKS_INIT_CAP_SHORT);
+void irlist_init_long(IRList *v) {
+	irlist_init_with_cap(v, IRLIST_INIT_CAP_LONG);
 }
 
-void irtoks_term(IRToks *v) {
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < v->len; i++) {
-		if (v->toks[i].instr == IRCallInternal && v->toks[i].CallI.args)
-			free(v->toks[i].CallI.args);
-	}
-	free(v->toks);
+void irlist_init_short(IRList *v) {
+	irlist_init_with_cap(v, IRLIST_INIT_CAP_SHORT);
 }
 
-void irtoks_app(IRToks *v, IRTok t) {
-	if (v->len+1 > v->cap)
-		v->toks = xrealloc(v->toks, sizeof(IRTok) * (v->cap *= 2));
-	v->toks[v->len++] = t;
+static void free_irparam(IRParam *v, bool purge);
+
+/* if purge is set, even statically allocated literals are freed */
+static void free_irparam(IRParam *v, bool purge) {
+	if (v->kind == IRParamLiteral)
+		free_value(&v->Literal, purge);
 }
 
-void irtoks_eat_irtoks(IRToks *v, IRToks *other, size_t jmp_offset) {
-	if (v->len+other->len > v->cap)
-		v->toks = xrealloc(v->toks, sizeof(IRTok) * (other->len + (v->cap *= 2)));
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < other->len; i++) {
-		/* correct for changed jump addresses */
-		if (other->toks[i].instr == IRJmp)
-			other->toks[i].Jmp.iaddr += jmp_offset;
-		else if (other->toks[i].instr == IRJnz)
-			other->toks[i].CJmp.iaddr += jmp_offset;
-
-		v->toks[v->len++] = other->toks[i];
-	}
-	/* We're not calling irtoks_term() because we don't want associated items
-	 * (for example function arguments) to get deallocated as well. */
-	free(other->toks);
-}
-
-static void print_val(const Value *v);
-static void print_irparam(const IRParam *p);
-
-static void print_val(const Value *v) {
-	switch (v->type.kind) {
-		case TypeFloat:
-			printf("%f", v->Float);
-			break;
-		case TypeInt:
-			printf("%zd", v->Int);
-			break;
-		case TypeBool:
-			printf("%s", v->Bool ? "true" : "false");
-			break;
-		case TypeChar:
-			printf("'%c'", v->Char);
-			break;
-		default:
-			printf("(unknown type)");
-			break;
-	}
-}
-
-static void print_irparam(const IRParam *p) {
-	if (p->kind == IRParamLiteral) {
-		print_val(&p->Literal);
-	} else if (p->kind == IRParamAddr) {
-		printf("%%%zd", p->Addr);
-	}
-}
-
-void print_ir(IRToks *v, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs) {
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < v->len; i++) {
-		printf("%04zx ", i);
-		printf("%s", irinstr_str[v->toks[i].instr]);
-		switch (v->toks[i].instr) {
+void irlist_term(IRList *v) {
+	for (IRItem *i = v->begin; i; i = i->next) {
+		switch (i->tok.instr) {
 			case IRSet:
 			case IRNeg:
 			case IRNot:
-				printf(" %%%zx ", v->toks[i].Unary.addr);
-				print_irparam(&v->toks[i].Unary.val);
+			case IRAddrOf:
+				free_irparam(&i->tok.Unary.val, true);
 				break;
 			case IRAdd:
 			case IRSub:
 			case IRDiv:
 			case IRMul:
 			case IREq:
+			case IRNeq:
 			case IRLt:
 			case IRLe:
 			case IRAnd:
 			case IROr:
-				printf(" %%%zx ", v->toks[i].Binary.addr);
-				print_irparam(&v->toks[i].Binary.lhs);
-				printf(" ");
-				print_irparam(&v->toks[i].Binary.rhs);
+				free_irparam(&i->tok.Binary.lhs, true);
+				free_irparam(&i->tok.Binary.rhs, true);
 				break;
 			case IRJmp:
-				printf(" %zx", v->toks[i].Jmp.iaddr);
+				break;
+			case IRJnz:
+				free_irparam(&i->tok.CJmp.condition, true);
+				break;
+			case IRCallInternal:
+				for (size_t j = 0; j < i->tok.CallI.n_args; j++)
+					free_irparam(&i->tok.CallI.args[j], true);
+				free(i->tok.CallI.args);
+				break;
+			case IRArrMake:
+				for (size_t j = 0; j < i->tok.ArrMake.len; j++)
+					free_irparam(&i->tok.ArrMake.vals[j], true);
+				free(i->tok.ArrMake.vals);
+				break;
+			default:
+				ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+		}
+	}
+	pool_term(v->p);
+}
+
+void irlist_app(IRList *v, IRTok t) {
+	v->index = NULL; /* invalidate index */
+	IRItem *itm = irlist_new_item(v);
+	itm->tok = t;
+
+	if (!v->begin && !v->end)
+		v->begin = v->end = itm;
+	else {
+		v->end->next = itm;
+		v->end = itm;
+	}
+
+	v->len++;
+}
+
+void irlist_eat_irlist(IRList *v, IRList *other) {
+	v->index = NULL; /* invalidate index */
+	size_t jmp_offset = v->len-1;
+	for (IRItem *i = other->begin; i; i = i->next) {
+		/* correct for changed jump addresses */
+		if (i->tok.instr == IRJmp)
+			i->tok.Jmp.iaddr += jmp_offset;
+		else if (i->tok.instr == IRJnz)
+			i->tok.CJmp.iaddr += jmp_offset;
+
+		irlist_app(v, i->tok);
+	}
+	/* We're not calling irlist_term() because we don't want associated items
+	 * (for example function arguments) to get deallocated as well. */
+	pool_term(other->p);
+}
+
+void irlist_update_index(IRList *v) {
+	if (v->index)
+		return;
+	v->index = pool_alloc(v->p, sizeof(size_t) * v->len);
+	size_t num_idx = 0;
+	for (IRItem *i = v->begin; i; i = i->next, num_idx++)
+		v->index[num_idx] = i;
+}
+
+static void print_irparam(const IRParam *p);
+
+static void print_irparam(const IRParam *p) {
+	if (p->kind == IRParamLiteral) {
+		print_value(&p->Literal, false);
+	} else if (p->kind == IRParamAddr) {
+		printf("%%%zd", p->Addr);
+	}
+}
+
+void print_ir(IRList *v, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs) {
+	size_t iaddr = 0;
+	for (IRItem *i = v->begin; i; i = i->next, iaddr++) {
+		printf("%04zx ", iaddr);
+		printf("%s", irinstr_str[i->tok.instr]);
+		switch (i->tok.instr) {
+			case IRSet:
+			case IRNeg:
+			case IRNot:
+			case IRAddrOf:
+				printf(" %%%zx ", i->tok.Unary.addr);
+				print_irparam(&i->tok.Unary.val);
+				break;
+			case IRAdd:
+			case IRSub:
+			case IRDiv:
+			case IRMul:
+			case IREq:
+			case IRNeq:
+			case IRLt:
+			case IRLe:
+			case IRAnd:
+			case IROr:
+				printf(" %%%zx ", i->tok.Binary.addr);
+				print_irparam(&i->tok.Binary.lhs);
+				printf(" ");
+				print_irparam(&i->tok.Binary.rhs);
+				break;
+			case IRJmp:
+				printf(" %zx", i->tok.Jmp.iaddr);
 				break;
 			case IRJnz:
 				printf(" ");
-				print_irparam(&v->toks[i].CJmp.condition);
-				printf(" %zx", v->toks[i].CJmp.iaddr);
+				print_irparam(&i->tok.CJmp.condition);
+				printf(" %zx", i->tok.CJmp.iaddr);
 				break;
 			case IRCallInternal: {
-				const BuiltinFunc *f = &builtin_funcs[v->toks[i].CallI.fid];
-				printf(" %s %%%zx", f->name, v->toks[i].CallI.ret_addr);
-				for (size_t j = 0; j < f->n_args; j++) {
+				const BuiltinFunc *f = &builtin_funcs[i->tok.CallI.fid];
+				if (f->returns)
+					printf(" %%%zx", i->tok.CallI.ret_addr);
+				printf(" %s", f->name);
+				for (size_t j = 0; j < i->tok.CallI.n_args; j++) {
 					printf(" ");
-					print_irparam(&v->toks[i].CallI.args[j]);
+					print_irparam(&i->tok.CallI.args[j]);
 				}
 				break;
 			}
-			default: ASSERT_UNREACHED(); break;
+			case IRArrMake: {
+				printf(" %%%zx", i->tok.ArrMake.arr_addr);
+				for (size_t j = 0; j < i->tok.ArrMake.len; j++) {
+					printf(" ");
+					print_irparam(&i->tok.ArrMake.vals[j]);
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+			default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 		}
-		printf(" ; %zu:%zu", v->toks[i].ln, v->toks[i].col);
+		printf(" ; %zu:%zu", i->tok.ln, i->tok.col);
 		printf("\n");
 	}
 }
+
+void optimize_ir(IRList *v) {
+	irlist_update_index(v);
+	for (IRItem *i = v->begin; i; i = i->next) {
+		switch (i->tok.instr) {
+			case IRJmp: {
+				/* resolve jump chains (esp. produced by if-else-if... statements) */
+				size_t ja = i->tok.Jmp.iaddr;
+				while (ja < v->len && v->index[ja]->tok.instr == IRJmp)
+					ja = v->index[ja]->tok.Jmp.iaddr;
+				i->tok.Jmp.iaddr = ja;
+			}
+			default: break;
+		}
+	}
+}

ir.h

@@ -4,11 +4,33 @@
 #include "tok.h"
 
 typedef struct BuiltinFunc {
-	char *name;
+	enum {
+		FuncFixedArgs,
+		FuncVarArgs,
+	} kind;
+
+	bool returns : 1;
 	bool side_effects : 1;
-	size_t n_args;
-	Value (*func)(Value *args);
+	char *name;
 	size_t fid; /* function ID, assigned automatically */
+
+	union {
+		struct {
+			size_t n_args;
+			union {
+				struct { Value (*func)(Value *args); } WithRet;
+				struct { void  (*func)(Value *args); } NoRet;
+			};
+		} FixedArgs;
+
+		struct {
+			size_t min_args;
+			union {
+				struct { Value (*func)(size_t extra_args, Value *args); } WithRet;
+				struct { void  (*func)(size_t extra_args, Value *args); } NoRet;
+			};
+		} VarArgs;
+	};
 } BuiltinFunc;
 
 enum IRInstr {
@@ -19,6 +41,7 @@ enum IRInstr {
 	IRMul,
 	IRDiv,
 	IREq,
+	IRNeq,
 	IRLt,
 	IRLe,
 	IRNot,
@@ -27,6 +50,8 @@ enum IRInstr {
 	IRJmp,
 	IRJnz,
 	IRCallInternal,
+	IRAddrOf,
+	IRArrMake,
 	IRInstrEnumSize,
 };
 typedef enum IRInstr IRInstr;
@@ -79,22 +104,39 @@ typedef struct IRTok {
 		struct {
 			size_t ret_addr;
 			size_t fid;
+			size_t n_args;
 			IRParam *args;
 		} CallI;
+
+		struct {
+			size_t arr_addr;
+			size_t len, cap;
+			IRParam *vals;
+		} ArrMake;
 	};
 } IRTok;
 
-typedef struct IRToks {
-	size_t len, cap;
-	IRTok *toks;
-} IRToks;
+typedef struct IRItem {
+	struct IRItem *next;
+	IRTok tok;
+} IRItem;
 
-void irtoks_init_long(IRToks *v);
-void irtoks_init_short(IRToks *v);
-void irtoks_term(IRToks *v);
-void irtoks_app(IRToks *v, IRTok t);
-void irtoks_eat_irtoks(IRToks *v, IRToks *other, size_t jmp_offset);
+typedef struct IRList {
+	IRItem *begin, *end;
+	Pool *p;
+	IRItem **index; /* index to pointer, irlist_update_index() must be called before use */
+	size_t len;
+} IRList;
 
-void print_ir(IRToks *v, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs);
+void irlist_init_long(IRList *v);
+void irlist_init_short(IRList *v);
+void irlist_term(IRList *v);
+void irlist_app(IRList *v, IRTok t);
+void irlist_eat_irlist(IRList *v, IRList *other);
+void irlist_update_index(IRList *v); /* should be used very conservatively */
+
+void print_ir(IRList *v, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs);
+
+void optimize_ir(IRList *v);
 
 #endif /* IR_H */

lex.c

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
+#define TAB_WIDTH 4
+
 typedef struct Pos {
 	size_t ln, col;     /* current position */
 	size_t m_ln, m_col; /* marked position */
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@ static void consume(Pos *p, char c) {
 	if (c == '\n') {
 		p->ln++;
 		p->col = 1;
-	} else
+	} else if (c == '\t')
+		p->col += TAB_WIDTH;
+	else
 		p->col++;
 }
 
@@ -77,9 +81,9 @@ TokList lex(const char *s) {
 			else if (streq_0_n("while", start, i))
 				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokWhile });
 			else if (streq_0_n("true", start, i))
-				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = { .type = { .kind = TypeBool, }, .Bool = true, }, });
+				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = { .type = TypeBool, .Bool = true }});
 			else if (streq_0_n("false", start, i))
-				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = { .type = { .kind = TypeBool, }, .Bool = false, }, });
+				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = { .type = TypeBool, .Bool = false }});
 			else {
 				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){
 						.kind = TokIdent,
@@ -142,9 +146,7 @@ TokList lex(const char *s) {
 				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){
 						.kind = TokVal,
 						.Val = {
-							.type = {
-								.kind = TypeFloat,
-							},
+							.type = TypeFloat,
 							.Float = num,
 						},
 					});
@@ -160,9 +162,7 @@ TokList lex(const char *s) {
 				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){
 						.kind = TokVal,
 						.Val = {
-							.type = {
-								.kind = TypeInt,
-							},
+							.type = TypeInt,
 							.Int = num,
 						},
 					});
@@ -220,27 +220,39 @@ TokList lex(const char *s) {
 				break;
 			case '&':
 				consume(&pos, *(s++));
-				if (s[0] == '&') {
+				if (s[0] == '&')
 					emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokOp, .Op = OpAnd });
-				} else
+				else {
+					emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokOp, .Op = OpAddrOf });
 					continue;
+				}
+				break;
+			case '!':
+				consume(&pos, *(s++));
+				if (s[0] == '=')
+					emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokOp, .Op = OpNeq });
+				else {
+					emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokOp, .Op = OpNot });
+					continue;
+				}
 				break;
 			case '|':
 				consume(&pos, *(s++));
-				if (s[0] == '|') {
+				if (s[0] == '|')
 					emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokOp, .Op = OpOr });
-				} else
+				else
 					continue;
 				break;
 			case '{':
 			case '}':
 			case '(':
 			case ')':
+			case '[':
+			case ']':
 			case ',':
 			case '+':
 			case '-':
 			case '*':
-			case '!':
 				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){
 						.kind = TokOp,
 						.Op = s[0],
@@ -287,7 +299,7 @@ TokList lex(const char *s) {
 					consume(&pos, *(s++));
 					c = get_esc_char(s[0]);
 					if (!c) {
-						set_err("Unrecognized escape sequence: '\\%c'", c);
+						set_err("Unrecognized escape sequence: '\\%c'", s[0]);
 						return toks;
 					}
 				}
@@ -296,7 +308,55 @@ TokList lex(const char *s) {
 					set_err("Unclosed char literal");
 					return toks;
 				}
-				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = { .type = { .kind = TypeChar, }, .Char = c, }, });
+				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = { .type = TypeChar, .Char = c }});
+				break;
+			}
+			case '"': {
+				consume(&pos, *(s++));
+				const char *start = s;
+				Pos start_pos = pos;
+				size_t size = 0;
+
+				/* count the string size before allocating */
+				while (s[0] != '"') {
+					if (!s[0]) {
+						set_err("Unexpected EOF in string literal");
+						return toks;
+					} else if (s[0] == '\\')
+						consume(&pos, *(s++));
+					consume(&pos, *(s++));
+					size++;
+				}
+
+				/* go through the actual string */
+				s = start;
+				pos = start_pos;
+				char *str = xmalloc(size);
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+					char c = s[0];
+					if (c == '\\') {
+						consume(&pos, *(s++));
+						c = get_esc_char(s[0]);
+						if (!c) {
+							set_err("Unrecognized escape sequence: '\\%c'", s[0]);
+							free(str);
+							return toks;
+						}
+					}
+					consume(&pos, *(s++));
+					str[i] = c;
+				}
+				emit(&toks, &pos, (Tok){ .kind = TokVal, .Val = {
+						.type = TypeArr,
+						.Arr = {
+							.is_string = true,
+							.dynamically_allocated = false,
+							.type = TypeChar,
+							.vals = str,
+							.len = size,
+							.cap = size,
+						},
+					},});
 				break;
 			}
 			default:

main.c

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "ir.h"
 #include "lex.h"
 #include "parse.h"
+#include "runtime.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "vm.h"
 
@@ -33,34 +34,42 @@ static void die(const char *fmt, ...) {
 	exit(1);
 }
 
-static Value fn_put(Value *args) {
-	switch (args[0].type.kind) {
-		case TypeVoid:  printf("(void)");                              break;
-		case TypeFloat: printf("%f", args[0].Float);                   break;
-		case TypeInt:   printf("%zd", args[0].Int);                    break;
-		case TypeBool:  printf("%s", args[0].Bool ? "true" : "false"); break;
-		case TypeChar:  printf("%c", args[0].Char);                    break;
-		default:
-			ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+static void fn_put(size_t extra_args, Value *args) {
+	for (size_t i = 0;; i++) {
+		print_value(&args[i], true);
+		if (i+1 >= extra_args)
+			break;
+		printf(" ");
 	}
-	return (Value){0};
 }
 
-static Value fn_print(Value *args) {
-	fn_put(args);
+static void fn_putln(size_t extra_args, Value *args) {
+	fn_put(extra_args, args);
 	printf("\n");
-	return (Value){0};
 }
 
 static Value fn_int(Value *args) {
 	Value ret = {
-		.type.kind = TypeInt,
+		.type = TypeInt,
 		.Int = 0,
 	};
-	switch (args[0].type.kind) {
-		case TypeVoid: break;
+	switch (args[0].type) {
+		case TypeVoid:  break;
 		case TypeFloat: ret.Int = (ssize_t)args[0].Float; break;
 		case TypeInt:   ret.Int = args[0].Int;            break;
+		case TypeBool:  ret.Int = (ssize_t)args[0].Bool;  break;
+		case TypeChar:  ret.Int = (ssize_t)args[0].Char;  break;
+		case TypeArr:
+			if (args[0].Arr.is_string && args[0].Arr.type == TypeChar) {
+				ssize_t endpos;
+				ret.Int = stoimax((char*)args[0].Arr.vals, args[0].Arr.len, 10, &endpos);
+				if (endpos != -1) {
+					set_err("Error converting from string to int");
+					return (Value){0};
+				}
+			} else
+				ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+			break;
 		default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 	}
 	return ret;
@@ -68,29 +77,138 @@ static Value fn_int(Value *args) {
 
 static Value fn_float(Value *args) {
 	Value ret = {
-		.type.kind = TypeFloat,
+		.type = TypeFloat,
 		.Float = 0.0,
 	};
-	switch (args[0].type.kind) {
-		case TypeVoid: break;
-		case TypeFloat: ret.Float = args[0].Float;       break;
-		case TypeInt:   ret.Float = (double)args[0].Int; break;
+	switch (args[0].type) {
+		case TypeVoid:  break;
+		case TypeFloat: ret.Float = args[0].Float;        break;
+		case TypeInt:   ret.Float = (double)args[0].Int;  break;
+		case TypeBool:  ret.Float = (double)args[0].Bool; break;
+		case TypeChar:  ret.Float = (double)args[0].Char; break;
+		case TypeArr:
+			if (args[0].Arr.is_string && args[0].Arr.type == TypeChar) {
+				ssize_t endpos;
+				ret.Float = stod((char*)args[0].Arr.vals, args[0].Arr.len, &endpos);
+				if (endpos != -1) {
+					set_err("Error converting from string to float");
+					return (Value){0};
+				}
+			} else
+				ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+			break;
 		default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 	}
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static Value fn_bool(Value *args) {
+	return (Value){ .type = TypeBool, .Bool = is_nonzero(&args[0]) };
+}
+
+static Value fn_char(Value *args) {
+	Value ret = {
+		.type = TypeChar,
+		.Float = 0.0,
+	};
+	switch (args[0].type) {
+		case TypeVoid:  break;
+		case TypeFloat: ret.Char = (char)args[0].Float; break;
+		case TypeInt:   ret.Char = (char)args[0].Int;   break;
+		case TypeBool:  ret.Char = (char)args[0].Bool;  break;
+		case TypeChar:  ret.Char = args[0].Char;        break;
+		default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static Value fn_ptr(Value *args) {
+	(void)args;
+	return (Value){ .type = TypePtr, .Ptr = { .type = TypeVoid, .val = NULL }};
+}
+
+static Value fn_string(Value *args) {
+	char *res = xmalloc(64);
+	size_t len;
+
+	switch (args[0].type) {
+		case TypeVoid:  strcpy(res, "(void)"); len = 6;               break;
+		case TypeFloat: len = snprintf(res, 64, "%f", args[0].Float); break;
+		case TypeInt:   len = snprintf(res, 64, "%zd", args[0].Int);  break;
+		case TypeBool:
+			if (args[0].Bool) {
+				strcpy(res, "true");
+				len = 4;
+			} else {
+				strcpy(res, "false");
+				len = 5;
+			}
+			break;
+		case TypeChar:  res[0] = args[0].Char; len = 1;               break;
+		default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+	}
+
+	return (Value){
+		.type = TypeArr,
+		.Arr = {
+			.is_string = true,
+			.dynamically_allocated = true,
+			.type = TypeChar,
+			.vals = res,
+			.len = len,
+			.cap = 64,
+		},
+	};
+}
+
 static Value fn_pow(Value *args) {
-	if (!(args[0].type.kind == TypeFloat && args[1].type.kind == TypeFloat)) {
+	if (!(args[0].type == TypeFloat && args[1].type == TypeFloat)) {
 		set_err("pow() requires arguments of type float");
 		return (Value){0};
 	}
-	return (Value) {
-		.type.kind = TypeFloat,
+	return (Value){
+		.type = TypeFloat,
 		.Float = pow(args[0].Float, args[1].Float),
 	};
 }
 
+static void fn_sleep(Value *args) {
+	if (!(args[0].type == TypeFloat && args[0].Float >= 0.0)) {
+		set_err("sleep() requires a positive float");
+		return;
+	}
+	sleep_secs(args[0].Float);
+}
+
+static Value fn_getln(Value *args) {
+	(void)args;
+
+	char *line = xmalloc(64);
+	size_t len = 0, cap = 64;
+	for (;;) {
+		int c = fgetc(stdin);
+		if (c == EOF)
+			break;
+		else if (c == '\n')
+			break;
+		if (len+1 > cap)
+			line = xrealloc(line, (cap *= 2));
+		line[len++] = c;
+	}
+
+	return (Value){
+		.type = TypeArr,
+		.Arr = {
+			.is_string = true,
+			.dynamically_allocated = true,
+			.type = TypeChar,
+			.vals = line,
+			.len = len,
+			.cap = cap,
+		},
+	};
+}
+
 int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
 	/* parse arguments */
 	size_t nargs = argc - 1;
@@ -148,30 +266,37 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
 		print_toks(&tokens);
 	/* parse tokens into IR code */
 	BuiltinFunc funcs[] = {
-		{ .name = "put",   .side_effects = true,  .n_args = 1, .func = fn_put,   },
-		{ .name = "print", .side_effects = true,  .n_args = 1, .func = fn_print, },
-		{ .name = "int",   .side_effects = false, .n_args = 1, .func = fn_int,   },
-		{ .name = "float", .side_effects = false, .n_args = 1, .func = fn_float, },
-		{ .name = "pow",   .side_effects = false, .n_args = 2, .func = fn_pow,   },
+		{ .name = "put",    .kind = FuncVarArgs,   .returns = false, .side_effects = true,  .VarArgs   = { .min_args = 0, .NoRet.func   = fn_put,    }},
+		{ .name = "putln",  .kind = FuncVarArgs,   .returns = false, .side_effects = true,  .VarArgs   = { .min_args = 0, .NoRet.func   = fn_putln,  }},
+		{ .name = "int",    .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 1,   .WithRet.func = fn_int,    }},
+		{ .name = "float",  .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 1,   .WithRet.func = fn_float,  }},
+		{ .name = "bool",   .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 1,   .WithRet.func = fn_bool,   }},
+		{ .name = "char",   .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 1,   .WithRet.func = fn_char,   }},
+		{ .name = "ptr",    .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 0,   .WithRet.func = fn_ptr,    }},
+		{ .name = "string", .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 1,   .WithRet.func = fn_string, }},
+		{ .name = "pow",    .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = false, .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 2,   .WithRet.func = fn_pow,    }},
+		{ .name = "sleep",  .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = false, .side_effects = true,  .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 1,   .NoRet.func   = fn_sleep,  }},
+		{ .name = "getln",  .kind = FuncFixedArgs, .returns = true,  .side_effects = true,  .FixedArgs = { .n_args = 0,   .WithRet.func = fn_getln,  }},
 	};
-	IRToks ir = parse(&tokens, funcs, sizeof(funcs) / sizeof(funcs[0]));
+	IRList ir = parse(&tokens, funcs, sizeof(funcs) / sizeof(funcs[0]));
 	if (err) {
-		irtoks_term(&ir);
+		irlist_term(&ir);
 		toklist_term(&tokens);
 		fprintf(stderr, C_IRED "Parser error" C_RESET " in " C_CYAN "%s" C_RESET ":%zu:%zu: %s\n", filename, err_ln, err_col, errbuf);
 		return 1;
 	}
 	toklist_term(&tokens);
+	optimize_ir(&ir);
 	if (opt_emit_ir)
 		print_ir(&ir, funcs);
 	/* run the IR */
 	if (!opt_dry) {
 		run(&ir, funcs);
 		if (err) {
-			irtoks_term(&ir);
+			irlist_term(&ir);
 			fprintf(stderr, C_IRED "Runtime error" C_RESET " in " C_CYAN "%s" C_RESET ":%zu:%zu: %s\n", filename, err_ln, err_col, errbuf);
 			return 1;
 		}
 	}
-	irtoks_term(&ir);
+	irlist_term(&ir);
 }

parse.c

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 #include "map.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 
-static BuiltinFunc *bf;
-
 typedef struct Scope {
 	struct Scope *parent;
 	size_t mem_addr;
@@ -32,10 +30,13 @@ static size_t get_ident_addr(const Scope *sc, const char *name, const Tok *errpo
 static IRParam tok_to_irparam(Scope *sc, Tok *t);
 static Scope make_scope(Scope *parent, bool with_idents);
 static void term_scope(Scope *sc);
-static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t);
-static void expr_into_addr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t, size_t addr);
-static IRParam expr_into_irparam(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t);
-static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListItem *t);
+static bool expr_flush_ir_and_maybe_return(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, IRTok instr, TokListItem *expr_start, Scope *expr_scope, TokListItem *t, ExprRet *out_ret);
+static void make_value_statically_allocated(Value *v);
+static ExprRet expr(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t);
+static void expr_into_addr(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t, size_t addr);
+static IRParam expr_into_irparam(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t);
+static void skip_newlns(TokList *toks, TokListItem *from);
+static void stmt(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListItem *t);
 
 static void mark_err(const Tok *t) {
 	err_ln = t->ln;
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ static void set_irtok_dest_addr(IRTok *t, size_t addr) {
 		case IRSet:
 		case IRNeg:
 		case IRNot:
+		case IRAddrOf:
 			t->Unary.addr = addr;
 			break;
 		case IRAdd:
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ static void set_irtok_dest_addr(IRTok *t, size_t addr) {
 		case IRMul:
 		case IRDiv:
 		case IREq:
+		case IRNeq:
 		case IRLt:
 		case IRLe:
 		case IRAnd:
@@ -63,6 +66,9 @@ static void set_irtok_dest_addr(IRTok *t, size_t addr) {
 		case IRCallInternal:
 			t->CallI.ret_addr = addr;
 			break;
+		case IRArrMake:
+			t->ArrMake.arr_addr = addr;
+			break;
 		default:
 			ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 	}
@@ -121,6 +127,50 @@ static void term_scope(Scope *sc) {
 		map_term(&sc->ident_addrs);
 }
 
+/* If ir_tok is the underlying expr() call's last evaluation, this function
+ * deletes t from toks, sets *out_ret and tells the caller it can return
+ * *out_ret by returning true.
+ *
+ * If ir_tok is not the expression's last instruction, ir_tok is written to
+ * out_ir and t is replaced by a pointer to the result's memory address.
+ *  */
+static bool expr_flush_ir_and_maybe_return(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, IRTok ir_tok, TokListItem *expr_start, Scope *expr_scope, TokListItem *t, ExprRet *out_ret) {
+	if (t == expr_start && t->next->tok.kind == TokOp && op_prec[t->next->tok.Op] == PREC_DELIM) {
+		/* ir_tok was the expression's last IR instruction. */
+
+		toklist_del(toks, t, t);
+
+		*out_ret = (ExprRet){
+			.kind = ExprRetLastInstr,
+			.LastInstr = ir_tok,
+		};
+		return true;
+	} else {
+		/* ir_tok was not the expression's last IR instruction. */
+
+		size_t dest_addr = expr_scope->mem_addr++;
+
+		set_irtok_dest_addr(&ir_tok, dest_addr);
+		irlist_app(out_ir, ir_tok);
+
+		t->tok = (Tok){
+			.kind = TokIdent,
+			.Ident = {
+				.kind = IdentAddr,
+				.Addr = dest_addr,
+			},
+		};
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+static void make_value_statically_allocated(Value *v) {
+	switch (v->type) {
+		case TypeArr: v->Arr.dynamically_allocated = false; break;
+		default: break;
+	}
+}
+
 /* The job of this function is to reduce the expression to the most simple form
  * writing the least IR instructions possible (without overanalyzing).
  * This means that the only IR instructions it will be writing are those for
@@ -172,7 +222,7 @@ static void term_scope(Scope *sc) {
  *  l_op  r_op
  *  both l_op and r_op are delimiters (their precedence is PREC_DELIM) => done
  */
-static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t) {
+static ExprRet expr(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t) {
 	TokListItem *start = t;
 
 	Scope sc = make_scope(parent_sc, false);
@@ -190,6 +240,10 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 				t = t->next;
 				perform_unary = true;
 				unary_op = IRNot;
+			} else if (t->tok.Op == OpAddrOf) {
+				t = t->next;
+				perform_unary = true;
+				unary_op = IRAddrOf;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -208,7 +262,7 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 			if (r.kind == ExprRetLastInstr) {
 				size_t res_addr = sc.mem_addr++;
 				set_irtok_dest_addr(&r.LastInstr, res_addr);
-				irtoks_app(out_ir, r.LastInstr);
+				irlist_app(out_ir, r.LastInstr);
 				t->tok = (Tok){
 					.ln = t->tok.ln,
 					.col = t->tok.col,
@@ -225,6 +279,7 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 				ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 			toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next);
 		}
+
 		/* Collapse function call. */
 		else if (t->tok.kind == TokIdent && t->tok.Ident.kind == IdentName && t->next->tok.kind == TokOp && t->next->tok.Op == OpLParen) {
 			/* get function */
@@ -261,7 +316,7 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 						eval_func_in_place = false;
 					if (t->next->tok.kind == TokOp) {
 						if (t->next->tok.Op == OpComma) {
-							toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete right parenthesis */
+							toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete comma */
 							continue;
 						} else if (t->next->tok.Op == OpRParen) {
 							toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete right parenthesis */
@@ -278,10 +333,17 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 			t = func_ident;
 			toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete left parenthesis */
 
-			if (func.n_args != args_len) {
+			if (func.kind == FuncFixedArgs && args_len != func.FixedArgs.n_args) {
 				mark_err(&func_ident->tok);
-				const char *plural = func.n_args == 1 ? "" : "s";
-				set_err("Function %s() takes %zu argument%s but got %zu", func.name, func.n_args, plural, args_len);
+				const char *plural = func.FixedArgs.n_args == 1 ? "" : "s";
+				set_err("Function %s() takes %zu argument%s but got %zu", func.name, func.FixedArgs.n_args, plural, args_len);
+				if (args)
+					free(args);
+				return (ExprRet){0};
+			} else if (func.kind == FuncVarArgs && args_len < func.VarArgs.min_args) {
+				mark_err(&func_ident->tok);
+				const char *plural = func.VarArgs.min_args == 1 ? "" : "s";
+				set_err("Function %s() requires at least %zu argument%s but only got %zu", func.name, func.VarArgs.min_args, plural, args_len);
 				if (args)
 					free(args);
 				return (ExprRet){0};
@@ -289,52 +351,143 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 
 			if (eval_func_in_place) {
 				/* evaluate the function in place */
+				if (!func.returns)
+					/* If the function had no side effects and returned nothing,
+					 * that function would do absolutely nothing, which would
+					 * make no sense. */
+					ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 				Value *arg_vals = args_len ? xmalloc(sizeof(Value) * args_len) : NULL;
 				for (size_t i = 0; i < args_len; i++)
 					arg_vals[i] = args[i].Literal;
+				mark_err(&func_ident->tok);
 				func_ident->tok = (Tok) {
 					.kind = TokVal,
-					.Val = func.func(arg_vals),
+					.Val = func.kind == FuncVarArgs ?
+						func.VarArgs.WithRet.func(args_len - func.VarArgs.min_args, arg_vals)
+						: func.FixedArgs.WithRet.func(arg_vals),
 				};
+				/* since we have a literal return value, we want it to be fully treated like one by the memory manager */
+				make_value_statically_allocated(&func_ident->tok.Val);
+				/* immediately free any heap-allocated literals that are no longer needed */
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < args_len; i++)
+					free_value(&arg_vals[i], true);
+				/* free buffers */
 				if (arg_vals)
 					free(arg_vals);
 				if (args)
 					free(args);
 			} else {
-				bool is_last_operation = t == start && t->next->tok.kind == TokOp && op_prec[t->next->tok.Op] == PREC_DELIM;
-
-				size_t res_addr = is_last_operation ? 0 : sc.mem_addr++;
-
-				/* function call instruction */
-				IRTok ir = {
+				/* function call IR instruction */
+				IRTok ir_tok = {
 					.ln =  func_ident->tok.ln,
 					.col = func_ident->tok.col,
 					.instr = IRCallInternal,
 					.CallI = {
-						.ret_addr = res_addr,
+						.ret_addr = 0,
 						.fid = func.fid,
+						.n_args = args_len,
 						.args = args,
 					},
 				};
 
-				if (is_last_operation) {
-					/* done */
-					toklist_del(toks, t, t);
-					return (ExprRet){ .kind = ExprRetLastInstr, .LastInstr = ir };
-				} else {
-					/* write IR instruction */
-					irtoks_app(out_ir, ir);
+				/* return if we've just evaluated the last instruction */
+				ExprRet ret;
+				if (expr_flush_ir_and_maybe_return(out_ir, toks, ir_tok, start, &sc, func_ident, &ret))
+					return ret;
+			}
+		}
 
-					/* leave new memory address as result */
-					t->tok = (Tok){
-						.kind = TokIdent,
-						.Ident = {
-							.kind = IdentAddr,
-							.Addr = res_addr,
-						},
-					};
+		/* Collapse array. */
+		else if (t->tok.kind == TokOp && t->tok.Op == OpLBrack) {
+			TokListItem *lbrack = t;
+			bool eval_immediately = true;
+			size_t elems_len = 0;
+			size_t elems_cap = 0;
+			IRParam *elems = NULL;
+
+			if (t->next->tok.kind == TokOp && t->next->tok.Op == OpRBrack) {
+				/* empty array */
+				toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete right bracket */
+			} else {
+				elems_cap = 16;
+				elems = xmalloc(sizeof(IRParam) * elems_cap);
+				for (;;) {
+					if (elems_len+1 > elems_cap)
+						elems = xrealloc(elems, (elems_cap *= 2));
+					IRParam e;
+					TRY_RET_ELSE(e = expr_into_irparam(out_ir, toks, funcs, &sc, t->next), (ExprRet){0}, free(elems));
+					if (e.kind != IRParamLiteral)
+						eval_immediately = false;
+					elems[elems_len++] = e;
+					if (t->next->tok.kind == TokOp) {
+						if (t->next->tok.Op == OpComma) {
+							toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete comma */
+							continue;
+						} else if (t->next->tok.Op == OpRBrack) {
+							toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* delete right bracket */
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					mark_err(&t->next->tok);
+					set_err("Expected ',' or ']' after array element");
+					free(elems);
+					return (ExprRet){0};
 				}
 			}
+
+			if (eval_immediately) {
+				/* turn array into value */
+				Value arr = {
+					.type = TypeArr,
+					.Arr = {
+						.type = TypeVoid,
+						.is_string = false,
+						.dynamically_allocated = false,
+						.vals = NULL,
+						.len = elems_len,
+						.cap = elems_len ? elems_cap : 0,
+					},
+				};
+				if (elems_len) {
+					Type arr_ty = elems[0].Literal.type;
+					void *arr_vals = xmalloc(type_size[arr_ty] * elems_cap);
+					for (size_t i = 0; i < elems_len; i++) {
+						Value *v = &elems[i].Literal;
+						if (v->type != arr_ty) {
+							set_err("Type of array item %zu (%s) differs from array type (%s)", i, type_str[v->type], type_str[arr_ty]);
+							free(arr_vals);
+							free(elems);
+							return (ExprRet){0};
+						}
+						memcpy((uint8_t*)arr_vals + type_size[arr_ty] * i, &v->Void, type_size[arr_ty]);
+					}
+					arr.Arr.type = arr_ty;
+					arr.Arr.vals = arr_vals;
+				}
+				/* set lbracket to collapsed array value */
+				lbrack->tok.kind = TokVal;
+				lbrack->tok.Val = arr;
+				/* free the now no longer needed element IRParam values */
+				free(elems);
+			} else {
+				/* array initialization IR instruction */
+				IRTok ir_tok = {
+					.ln =  lbrack->tok.ln,
+					.col = lbrack->tok.col,
+					.instr = IRArrMake,
+					.ArrMake = {
+						.arr_addr = 0,
+						.len = elems_len,
+						.cap = elems_cap,
+						.vals = elems,
+					},
+				};
+
+				/* return if we've just evaluated the last instruction */
+				ExprRet ret;
+				if (expr_flush_ir_and_maybe_return(out_ir, toks, ir_tok, start, &sc, lbrack, &ret))
+					return ret;
+			}
 		}
 
 		/* Collapse unary operation. */
@@ -343,43 +496,29 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 			t = t->prev; /* go back to the '-' sign */
 			toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next); /* again, just removing the reference */
 
-			bool is_last_operation = t == start && t->next->tok.kind == TokOp && op_prec[t->next->tok.Op] == PREC_DELIM;
-
 			if (v->kind == TokVal) {
 				/* immediately perform operation */
 				t->tok.kind = TokVal;
+				mark_err(&t->tok);
 				TRY_RET(t->tok.Val = eval_unary(unary_op, &v->Val), (ExprRet){0});
 			} else {
-				size_t res_addr = is_last_operation ? 0 : sc.mem_addr++;
-
 				/* unary IR instruction */
 				IRParam v_irparam;
 				TRY_RET(v_irparam = tok_to_irparam(&sc, v), (ExprRet){0});
-				IRTok ir = {
+				IRTok ir_tok = {
 					.ln = t->tok.ln,
 					.col = t->tok.col,
 					.instr = unary_op,
 					.Unary = {
-						.addr = res_addr,
+						.addr = 0,
 						.val = v_irparam,
 					},
 				};
 
-				if (is_last_operation) {
-					/* done */
-					toklist_del(toks, t, t);
-					return (ExprRet){ .kind = ExprRetLastInstr, .LastInstr = ir };
-				} else {
-					/* write IR instruction */
-					irtoks_app(out_ir, ir);
-
-					/* leave new memory address as result */
-					t->tok.kind = TokIdent;
-					t->tok.Ident = (Identifier){
-						.kind = IdentAddr,
-						.Addr = res_addr,
-					};
-				}
+				/* return if we've just evaluated the last instruction */
+				ExprRet ret;
+				if (expr_flush_ir_and_maybe_return(out_ir, toks, ir_tok, start, &sc, t, &ret))
+					return ret;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -455,6 +594,7 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 				case OpMul: instr = IRMul; break;
 				case OpDiv: instr = IRDiv; break;
 				case OpEq:  instr = IREq;  break;
+				case OpNeq: instr = IRNeq; break;
 				case OpLt:  instr = IRLt;  break;
 				case OpLe:  instr = IRLe;  break;
 				case OpGt:  instr = IRLt; swap_operands = true; break;
@@ -472,53 +612,40 @@ static ExprRet expr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc,
 				Value *lhs_val = swap_operands ? &rhs->Val : &lhs->Val;
 				Value *rhs_val = swap_operands ? &lhs->Val : &rhs->Val;
 				lhs->kind = TokVal;
+				mark_err(l_op);
 				TRY_RET(lhs->Val = eval_binary(instr, lhs_val, rhs_val), (ExprRet){0});
 			} else {
-				bool is_last_operation = t == start && r_op_prec == PREC_DELIM;
-
 				IRParam lhs_irparam, rhs_irparam;
 				TRY_RET(lhs_irparam = tok_to_irparam(&sc, lhs), (ExprRet){0});
 				TRY_RET(rhs_irparam = tok_to_irparam(&sc, rhs), (ExprRet){0});
 
-				size_t res_addr = is_last_operation ? 0 : sc.mem_addr++;
-
-				IRTok ir = {
+				/* binary IR instruction */
+				IRTok ir_tok = {
 					.ln = l_op->ln,
 					.col = l_op->col,
 					.instr = instr,
 					.Binary = {
-						.addr = res_addr,
+						.addr = 0,
 						.lhs = swap_operands ? rhs_irparam : lhs_irparam,
 						.rhs = swap_operands ? lhs_irparam : rhs_irparam,
 					},
 				};
-				
-				if (is_last_operation) {
-					/* done */
-					toklist_del(toks, t, t);
-					return (ExprRet){ .kind = ExprRetLastInstr, .LastInstr = ir };
-				} else {
-					/* write IR instruction */
-					irtoks_app(out_ir, ir);
 
-					/* leave new memory address as result */
-					lhs->kind = TokIdent;
-					lhs->Ident = (Identifier){
-						.kind = IdentAddr,
-						.Addr = res_addr,
-					};
-				}
+				/* return if we've just evaluated the last instruction */
+				ExprRet ret;
+				if (expr_flush_ir_and_maybe_return(out_ir, toks, ir_tok, start, &sc, t, &ret))
+					return ret;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-static void expr_into_addr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t, size_t addr) {
+static void expr_into_addr(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t, size_t addr) {
 	ExprRet r;
 	TRY(r = expr(out_ir, toks, funcs, parent_sc, t));
 	if (r.kind == ExprRetLastInstr) {
 		set_irtok_dest_addr(&r.LastInstr, addr);
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, r.LastInstr);
+		irlist_app(out_ir, r.LastInstr);
 		t->tok = (Tok){
 			.ln = t->tok.ln,
 			.col = t->tok.col,
@@ -531,7 +658,9 @@ static void expr_into_addr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *par
 	} else if (r.kind == ExprRetVal || r.kind == ExprRetIdent) {
 		IRParam res;
 		TRY(res = tok_to_irparam(parent_sc, &t->tok));
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
+		irlist_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
+			.ln = t->tok.ln,
+			.col = t->tok.col,
 			.instr = IRSet,
 			.Unary = {
 				.addr = addr,
@@ -543,14 +672,14 @@ static void expr_into_addr(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *par
 		ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 }
 
-static IRParam expr_into_irparam(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t) {
+static IRParam expr_into_irparam(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *parent_sc, TokListItem *t) {
 	ExprRet r;
 	TRY_RET(r = expr(out_ir, toks, funcs, parent_sc, t), (IRParam){0});
 	if (r.kind == ExprRetLastInstr) {
 		Scope sc = make_scope(parent_sc, false);
 		size_t addr = sc.mem_addr++;
 		set_irtok_dest_addr(&r.LastInstr, addr);
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, r.LastInstr);
+		irlist_app(out_ir, r.LastInstr);
 		return (IRParam){
 			.kind = IRParamAddr,
 			.Addr = addr,
@@ -564,20 +693,30 @@ static IRParam expr_into_irparam(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scop
 		ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 }
 
-static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListItem *t) {
+/* This WILL invalidate *from, so the caller should only call it on a
+ * TokListItem after any ones that are in use (e.g. skip_newlns(t->next)). */
+static void skip_newlns(TokList *toks, TokListItem *from) {
+	TokListItem *curr = from;
+	while (curr->tok.kind == TokOp && curr->tok.Op == OpNewLn)
+		curr = curr->next;
+	if (curr != from)
+		toklist_del(toks, from, curr->prev);
+}
+
+static void stmt(IRList *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListItem *t) {
 	TokListItem *start = t;
 	if (t->tok.kind == TokIdent && t->tok.Ident.kind == IdentName && (t->next->tok.kind == TokDeclare || t->next->tok.kind == TokAssign)) {
 		char *name = t->tok.Ident.Name;
 		t = t->next;
 		if (t->tok.kind == TokDeclare) {
 			size_t addr = sc->mem_addr++;
+			TRY(expr_into_addr(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next, addr));
 			bool replaced = map_insert(&sc->ident_addrs, name, &addr);
 			if (replaced) {
 				mark_err(&start->tok);
 				set_err("'%s' already declared in this scope", name);
 				return;
 			}
-			TRY(expr_into_addr(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next, addr));
 		} else if (t->tok.kind == TokAssign) {
 			size_t addr;
 			TRY(addr = get_ident_addr(sc, name, &start->tok));
@@ -587,11 +726,12 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 	} else if (t->tok.kind == TokOp && t->tok.Op == OpLCurl) {
 		Scope inner_sc = make_scope(sc, true);
 		for (;;) {
+			skip_newlns(toks, t->next);
 			if (t->next->tok.kind == TokOp) {
 				if (t->next->tok.Op == OpEOF) {
-					term_scope(&inner_sc);
 					mark_err(&start->tok);
 					set_err("Unclosed '{'");
+					term_scope(&inner_sc);
 					return;
 				}
 				if (t->next->tok.Op == OpRCurl)
@@ -611,8 +751,7 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 		 * */
 
 		/* add initial jmp instruction */
-		size_t jmp_instr_iaddr = out_ir->len;
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
+		irlist_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
 			.ln = t->tok.ln,
 			.col = t->tok.col,
 			.instr = IRJmp,
@@ -620,29 +759,32 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 				.iaddr = 0, /* unknown for now */
 			},
 		});
+		IRItem *jmp_instr = out_ir->end;
+		size_t body_iaddr = out_ir->len;
 
 		/* parse condition */
-		IRToks cond_ir;
-		irtoks_init_short(&cond_ir);
+		IRList cond_ir;
+		irlist_init_short(&cond_ir);
 		IRParam cond;
-		TRY_ELSE(cond = expr_into_irparam(&cond_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irtoks_term(&cond_ir));
+		TRY_ELSE(cond = expr_into_irparam(&cond_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irlist_term(&cond_ir));
 
 		/* parse loop body */
-		TRY_ELSE(stmt(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irtoks_term(&cond_ir));
+		skip_newlns(toks, t->next);
+		TRY_ELSE(stmt(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irlist_term(&cond_ir));
 
 		/* finally we know where the jmp from the beginning has to jump to */
-		out_ir->toks[jmp_instr_iaddr].Jmp.iaddr = out_ir->len;
+		jmp_instr->tok.Jmp.iaddr = out_ir->len;
 
 		/* append condition IR to program IR, then terminate condition IR stream */
-		irtoks_eat_irtoks(out_ir, &cond_ir, out_ir->len-1);
+		irlist_eat_irlist(out_ir, &cond_ir);
 
 		/* add conditional jump */
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
+		irlist_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
 			.ln = t->next->tok.ln,
 			.col = t->next->tok.col,
 			.instr = IRJnz,
 			.CJmp = {
-				.iaddr = jmp_instr_iaddr + 1,
+				.iaddr = body_iaddr,
 				.condition = cond,
 			},
 		});
@@ -662,8 +804,7 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 		TRY(cond = expr_into_irparam(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next));
 
 		/* add conditional jmp instruction */
-		size_t if_cjmp_instr_iaddr = out_ir->len;
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
+		irlist_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
 			.ln = t->tok.ln,
 			.col = t->tok.col,
 			.instr = IRJnz,
@@ -672,22 +813,25 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 				.condition = cond,
 			},
 		});
+		IRItem *if_cjmp_instr = out_ir->end;
 
 		/* parse if body */
-		IRToks if_body;
-		irtoks_init_short(&if_body);
-		TRY_ELSE(stmt(&if_body, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irtoks_term(&if_body));
+		skip_newlns(toks, t->next);
+		IRList if_body;
+		irlist_init_short(&if_body);
+		TRY_ELSE(stmt(&if_body, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irlist_term(&if_body));
 
+		skip_newlns(toks, t->next);
 		if (t->next->tok.kind == TokElse) {
 			toklist_del(toks, t->next, t->next);
 
 			/* parse and add else body */
-			TRY_ELSE(stmt(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irtoks_term(&if_body));
+			skip_newlns(toks, t->next);
+			TRY_ELSE(stmt(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t->next), irlist_term(&if_body));
 		}
 
 		/* add jmp instruction to jump back to common code */
-		size_t else_jmp_instr_iaddr = out_ir->len;
-		irtoks_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
+		irlist_app(out_ir, (IRTok){
 			.ln = t->tok.ln,
 			.col = t->tok.col,
 			.instr = IRJmp,
@@ -695,16 +839,16 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 				.iaddr = 0, /* unknown for now */
 			},
 		});
+		IRItem *else_jmp_instr = out_ir->end;
 
 		/* set if condition jmp target */
-		out_ir->toks[if_cjmp_instr_iaddr].CJmp.iaddr = out_ir->len;
+		if_cjmp_instr->tok.CJmp.iaddr = out_ir->len;
 		
 		/* add if body */
-		irtoks_eat_irtoks(out_ir, &if_body, out_ir->len-1);
+		irlist_eat_irlist(out_ir, &if_body);
 
 		/* set else jmp target */
-		out_ir->toks[else_jmp_instr_iaddr].CJmp.iaddr = out_ir->len;
-	} else if (t->tok.kind == TokOp && t->tok.Op == OpNewLn) {
+		else_jmp_instr->tok.CJmp.iaddr = out_ir->len;
 	} else {
 		/* assume expression */
 		TRY(expr_into_irparam(out_ir, toks, funcs, sc, t));
@@ -713,9 +857,7 @@ static void stmt(IRToks *out_ir, TokList *toks, Map *funcs, Scope *sc, TokListIt
 	toklist_del(toks, start, t);
 }
 
-IRToks parse(TokList *toks, BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs, size_t n_builtin_funcs) {
-	bf = builtin_funcs;
-
+IRList parse(TokList *toks, BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs, size_t n_builtin_funcs) {
 	Map funcs;
 	map_init(&funcs, sizeof(BuiltinFunc));
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < n_builtin_funcs; i++) {
@@ -725,14 +867,15 @@ IRToks parse(TokList *toks, BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs, size_t n_builtin_funcs)
 			err_ln = 0; err_col = 0;
 			set_err("Builtin function %s() declared more than once", builtin_funcs[i].name);
 			map_term(&funcs);
-			return (IRToks){0};
+			return (IRList){0};
 		}
 	}
 
-	IRToks ir;
-	irtoks_init_long(&ir);
+	IRList ir;
+	irlist_init_long(&ir);
 	Scope global_scope = make_scope(NULL, true);
 	for (;;) {
+		skip_newlns(toks, toks->begin);
 		if (toks->begin->tok.kind == TokOp && toks->begin->tok.Op == OpEOF)
 			break;
 		TRY_RET_ELSE(stmt(&ir, toks, &funcs, &global_scope, toks->begin), ir,

parse.h

@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
 #include "tok.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-IRToks parse(TokList *toks, BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs, size_t n_builtin_funcs);
+IRList parse(TokList *toks, BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs, size_t n_builtin_funcs);
 
 #endif /* PARSE_H */

runtime.c

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Value eval_binary(IRInstr instr, const Value *lhs, const Value *rhs) {
 		case IRSub:
 		case IRMul:
 		case IRDiv: {
-			if (lhs->type.kind == TypeInt && rhs->type.kind == TypeInt) {
+			if (lhs->type == TypeInt && rhs->type == TypeInt) {
 				ssize_t res;
 				switch (instr) {
 					case IRAdd: res = lhs->Int + rhs->Int; break;
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ Value eval_binary(IRInstr instr, const Value *lhs, const Value *rhs) {
 					default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 				}
 				return (Value){
-					.type.kind = TypeInt,
+					.type = TypeInt,
 					.Int = res,
 				};
-			} else if (lhs->type.kind == TypeFloat && rhs->type.kind == TypeFloat) {
-				float res;
+			} else if (lhs->type == TypeFloat && rhs->type == TypeFloat) {
+				double res;
 				switch (instr) {
 					case IRAdd: res = lhs->Float + rhs->Float; break;
 					case IRSub: res = lhs->Float - rhs->Float; break;
@@ -31,49 +31,66 @@ Value eval_binary(IRInstr instr, const Value *lhs, const Value *rhs) {
 					default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 				}
 				return (Value){
-					.type.kind = TypeFloat,
+					.type = TypeFloat,
 					.Float = res,
 				};
 			} else {
-				set_err("Unsupported types for operation '%s'", irinstr_str[instr]);
+				set_err("Unsupported types for operation '%s': %s and %s", irinstr_str[instr], type_str[lhs->type], type_str[rhs->type]);
 				return (Value){0};
 			}
 		}
 		case IREq:
+		case IRNeq:
 		case IRLt:
-		case IRLe:
+		case IRLe: {
 			bool res;
-			if (lhs->type.kind == TypeInt && rhs->type.kind == TypeInt) {
+			if (lhs->type == TypeInt && rhs->type == TypeInt) {
 				switch (instr) {
-					case IREq: res = lhs->Int == rhs->Int; break;
-					case IRLt: res = lhs->Int <  rhs->Int; break;
-					case IRLe: res = lhs->Int <= rhs->Int; break;
+					case IREq:  res = lhs->Int == rhs->Int; break;
+					case IRNeq: res = lhs->Int != rhs->Int; break;
+					case IRLt:  res = lhs->Int <  rhs->Int; break;
+					case IRLe:  res = lhs->Int <= rhs->Int; break;
 					default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 				};
-			} else if (lhs->type.kind == TypeFloat && rhs->type.kind == TypeFloat) {
+			} else if (lhs->type == TypeFloat && rhs->type == TypeFloat) {
 				switch (instr) {
-					case IREq: res = lhs->Float == rhs->Float; break;
-					case IRLt: res = lhs->Float <  rhs->Float; break;
-					case IRLe: res = lhs->Float <= rhs->Float; break;
+					case IREq:  res = lhs->Float == rhs->Float; break;
+					case IRNeq: res = lhs->Float != rhs->Float; break;
+					case IRLt:  res = lhs->Float <  rhs->Float; break;
+					case IRLe:  res = lhs->Float <= rhs->Float; break;
 					default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 				};
+			} else if (lhs->type == TypeArr && lhs->Arr.type == TypeChar && lhs->Arr.is_string &&
+					rhs->type == TypeArr && rhs->Arr.type == TypeChar && rhs->Arr.is_string) {
+				switch (instr) {
+					case IREq:
+						res = lhs->Arr.len == rhs->Arr.len ? strncmp(lhs->Arr.vals, rhs->Arr.vals, lhs->Arr.len) == 0 : false;
+						break;
+					case IRNeq:
+						res = lhs->Arr.len == rhs->Arr.len ? strncmp(lhs->Arr.vals, rhs->Arr.vals, lhs->Arr.len) != 0 : true;
+						break;
+					default:
+						set_err("String operation '%s' not supported", irinstr_str[instr]);
+						break;
+				};
 			} else {
-				set_err("Unsupported types for operation '%s'", irinstr_str[instr]);
+				set_err("Unsupported types for operation '%s': %s and %s", irinstr_str[instr], type_str[lhs->type], type_str[rhs->type]);
 				return (Value){0};
 			}
 			return (Value){
-				.type.kind = TypeBool,
+				.type = TypeBool,
 				.Bool = res,
 			};
+		}
 		case IRAnd:
 			return (Value){
-				.type.kind = TypeBool,
+				.type = TypeBool,
 				.Bool = is_nonzero(lhs) && is_nonzero(rhs),
 			};
 			break;
 		case IROr:
 			return (Value){
-				.type.kind = TypeBool,
+				.type = TypeBool,
 				.Bool = is_nonzero(lhs) || is_nonzero(rhs),
 			};
 			break;
@@ -88,31 +105,37 @@ Value eval_unary(IRInstr instr, const Value *v) {
 		case IRSet:
 			return *v;
 		case IRNeg:
-			if (v->type.kind == TypeInt)
-				return (Value){ .type.kind = TypeInt, .Int = -v->Int };
-			else if (v->type.kind == TypeFloat)
-				return (Value){ .type.kind = TypeFloat, .Float = -v->Float };
+			if (v->type == TypeInt)
+				return (Value){ .type = TypeInt, .Int = -v->Int };
+			else if (v->type == TypeFloat)
+				return (Value){ .type = TypeFloat, .Float = -v->Float };
 			else {
-				set_err("Unsupported type for operation '%s'", irinstr_str[instr]);
+				set_err("Unsupported type for operation '%s': %s", irinstr_str[instr], type_str[v->type]);
 				return (Value){0};
 			}
 		case IRNot:
-			if (v->type.kind == TypeBool) {
-				return (Value){ .type.kind = TypeBool, .Bool = !v->Bool };
+			if (v->type == TypeBool) {
+				return (Value){ .type = TypeBool, .Bool = !v->Bool };
 			} else {
-				set_err("Unsupported type for operation '%s'", irinstr_str[instr]);
+				set_err("Unsupported type for operation '%s': %s", irinstr_str[instr], type_str[v->type]);
 				return (Value){0};
 			}
+		case IRAddrOf:
+			set_err("Unable to take the address of a literal");
+			return (Value){0};
 		default:
 			ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 	}
 }
 
 bool is_nonzero(const Value *v) {
-	switch (v->type.kind) {
-		case TypeInt:   return v->Int   != 0;
-		case TypeFloat: return v->Float != 0.0;
+	switch (v->type) {
+		case TypeInt:   return v->Int     != 0;
+		case TypeFloat: return v->Float   != 0.0;
 		case TypeBool:  return v->Bool;
+		case TypeChar:  return v->Char    != 0;
+		case TypePtr:   return v->Ptr.val != NULL;
+		case TypeArr:   return v->Arr.len != 0;
 		default: ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 	}
 }
@@ -120,7 +143,7 @@ bool is_nonzero(const Value *v) {
 Value zero_val(Type ty) {
 	Value ret;
 	ret.type = ty;
-	switch (ty.kind) {
+	switch (ty) {
 		case TypeInt:   ret.Int   = 0;     break;
 		case TypeFloat: ret.Float = 0.0;   break;
 		case TypeBool:  ret.Bool  = false; break;

tok.c

@@ -5,15 +5,124 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
+size_t type_size[TypeEnumSize] = {
+	[TypeVoid]  = 0,
+	[TypeFloat] = sizeof(((Value*)NULL)->Float),
+	[TypeInt]   = sizeof(((Value*)NULL)->Int),
+	[TypeBool]  = sizeof(((Value*)NULL)->Bool),
+	[TypeChar]  = sizeof(((Value*)NULL)->Char),
+	[TypePtr]   = sizeof(((Value*)NULL)->Ptr),
+	[TypeArr]   = sizeof(((Value*)NULL)->Arr),
+};
+
+const char *type_str[TypeEnumSize] = {
+	[TypeVoid]  = "void",
+	[TypeFloat] = "float",
+	[TypeInt]   = "int",
+	[TypeBool]  = "bool",
+	[TypeChar]  = "char",
+	[TypePtr]   = "ptr",
+	[TypeArr]   = "arr",
+};
+
+/* if purge is set, even statically allocated literals will be freed */
+void free_value(Value *v, bool purge) {
+	switch (v->type) {
+		case TypeArr:
+			if (v->Arr.vals && (purge || v->Arr.dynamically_allocated)) {
+				free(v->Arr.vals);
+				v->Arr.vals = NULL;
+				v->Arr.len = 0;
+				v->Arr.cap = 0;
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+void print_value(const Value *v, bool raw) {
+	switch (v->type) {
+		case TypeVoid:
+			printf("(void)");
+			break;
+		case TypeFloat:
+			printf("%f", v->Float);
+			break;
+		case TypeInt:
+			printf("%zd", v->Int);
+			break;
+		case TypeBool:
+			printf("%s", v->Bool ? "true" : "false");
+			break;
+		case TypeChar:
+			if (raw)
+				printf("%c", v->Char);
+			else {
+				const char *esc = unescape_char(v->Char);
+				if (esc) printf("'%s'", esc);
+				else     printf("'%c'", v->Char);
+			}
+			break;
+		case TypePtr: {
+			if (v->Ptr.val) {
+				printf("ptr<%s>(", type_str[v->Ptr.type]);
+				Value deref = { .type = v->Ptr.type };
+				memcpy(&deref.Void, v->Ptr.val, type_size[v->Ptr.type]);
+				print_value(&deref, false);
+				printf(")");
+			} else
+				printf("ptr<%s>(nil)", type_str[v->Ptr.type]);
+			break;
+		}
+		case TypeArr:
+			if (v->Arr.is_string) {
+				if (v->Arr.type != TypeChar)
+					ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+				char *str = v->Arr.vals;
+				if (!raw)
+					printf("\"");
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < v->Arr.len; i++) {
+					char c = str[i];
+					if (raw)
+						printf("%c", c);
+					else {
+						const char *esc = unescape_char(c);
+						if (esc) printf("%s", esc);
+						else     printf("%c", c);
+					}
+				}
+				if (!raw)
+					printf("\"");
+			} else {
+				printf("[");
+				for (size_t i = 0;; i++) {
+					size_t ty_sz = type_size[v->Arr.type];
+					Value ty_val = { .type = v->Arr.type };
+					memcpy(&ty_val.Void, (uint8_t*)v->Arr.vals + ty_sz * i, ty_sz);
+					print_value(&ty_val, false);
+					if (i+1 >= v->Arr.len) break;
+					printf(", ");
+				}
+				printf("]");
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+	}
+}
+
 int8_t op_prec[OperatorEnumSize] = {
 	[OpEOF]    = PREC_DELIM,
 	[OpNewLn]  = PREC_DELIM,
 	[OpLCurl]  = PREC_DELIM,
 	[OpRParen] = PREC_DELIM,
+	[OpRBrack] = PREC_DELIM,
 	[OpComma]  = PREC_DELIM,
 	[OpAnd]    = 0,
 	[OpOr]     = 0,
 	[OpEq]     = 1,
+	[OpNeq]    = 1,
 	[OpLt]     = 1,
 	[OpGt]     = 1,
 	[OpLe]     = 1,
@@ -29,6 +138,8 @@ const char *op_str[OperatorEnumSize] = {
 	[OpRCurl]  = "}",
 	[OpLParen] = "(",
 	[OpRParen] = ")",
+	[OpLBrack] = "[",
+	[OpRBrack] = "]",
 	[OpComma]  = ",",
 	[OpAdd]    = "+",
 	[OpSub]    = "-",
@@ -38,6 +149,7 @@ const char *op_str[OperatorEnumSize] = {
 	[OpNewLn]  = "\\n",
 	[OpEOF]    = "EOF",
 	[OpEq]     = "==",
+	[OpNeq]    = "!=",
 	[OpLt]     = "<",
 	[OpGt]     = ">",
 	[OpLe]     = "<=",
@@ -108,24 +220,9 @@ void print_toks(TokList *l) {
 				printf(": " C_ICYAN "%s" C_RESET, op_str[i->tok.Op]);
 				break;
 			case TokVal:
-				printf(C_IYELLOW "Val" C_RESET);
-				switch (i->tok.Val.type.kind) {
-					case TypeFloat:
-						printf(": " C_ICYAN "%f" C_RESET, i->tok.Val.Float);
-						break;
-					case TypeInt:
-						printf(": " C_ICYAN "%zd" C_RESET, i->tok.Val.Int);
-						break;
-					case TypeBool:
-						printf(": " C_ICYAN "%s" C_RESET, i->tok.Val.Bool ? "true" : "false");
-						break;
-					case TypeChar:
-						printf(": " C_ICYAN "'%c'" C_RESET, i->tok.Val.Char);
-						break;
-					default:
-						printf(" " C_ICYAN "(unknown type)" C_RESET);
-						break;
-				}
+				printf(C_IYELLOW "Val" C_RESET ": " C_ICYAN);
+				print_value(&i->tok.Val, false);
+				printf(C_RESET);
 				break;
 			case TokIdent:
 				printf(C_IYELLOW "Ident" C_RESET);

tok.h

@@ -2,47 +2,67 @@
 #define __TOK_H__
 
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-typedef struct Type {
-	enum {
-		TypeVoid = 0,
-		TypeFloat,
-		TypeInt,
-		TypeBool,
-		TypeChar,
-	} kind;
+enum Type {
+	TypeVoid = 0,
+	TypeFloat,
+	TypeInt,
+	TypeBool,
+	TypeChar,
+	TypePtr,
+	TypeArr,
+	TypeEnumSize,
+};
+typedef enum Type Type;
 
-	/*union {
-	};*/
-} Type;
+extern size_t type_size[TypeEnumSize];
+extern const char *type_str[TypeEnumSize];
 
 typedef struct Value {
 	Type type;
 
 	union {
+		pseudo_void Void;
 		double Float;
 		ssize_t Int;
 		bool Bool;
 		char Char;
+		struct {
+			Type type;
+			void *val;
+		} Ptr;
+		struct {
+			Type type;
+			bool is_string : 1;
+			bool dynamically_allocated : 1;
+			void *vals;
+			size_t len, cap;
+		} Arr;
 	};
 } Value;
 
+void free_value(Value *v, bool purge);
+void print_value(const Value *v, bool raw);
+
 enum Operator {
 	OpLCurl  = '{',
 	OpRCurl  = '}',
 	OpLParen = '(',
 	OpRParen = ')',
+	OpLBrack = '[',
+	OpRBrack = ']',
 	OpComma  = ',',
 	OpAdd    = '+',
 	OpSub    = '-',
 	OpMul    = '*',
 	OpDiv    = '/',
 	OpNot    = '!',
+	OpAddrOf = '&',
 	OpBeginNonchars = 256,
 	OpEq,
+	OpNeq,
 	OpLt,
 	OpGt,
 	OpLe,

util.c

@@ -2,6 +2,23 @@
 
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
+#ifdef WIN32
+#include <windows.h> /* Sleep */
+#else
+#include <time.h> /* nanosleep */
+#endif
+
+void sleep_secs(double secs) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
+	Sleep(secs * 1000.0);
+#else
+	struct timespec ts;
+	ts.tv_sec = (time_t)secs;
+	ts.tv_nsec = (secs - (double)ts.tv_sec) * 1000000000.0;
+	nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
+#endif
+}
+
 char errbuf[ERRSZ];
 bool err;
 size_t err_ln, err_col;
@@ -168,6 +185,23 @@ double stod(const char *s, size_t n, ssize_t *endpos) {
 	return res;
 }
 
+const char *unescape_char(char c) {
+	switch (c) {
+		case '\a':   return "\\a";
+		case '\b':   return "\\b";
+		case '\033': return "\\e";
+		case '\f':   return "\\f";
+		case '\n':   return "\\n";
+		case '\r':   return "\\r";
+		case '\t':   return "\\t";
+		case '\v':   return "\\v";
+		case '\\':   return "\\\\";
+		case '\'':   return "\\'";
+		case '"':    return "\\\"";
+		default:     return NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 char *mreadfile(FILE *fp) {
 	if (fseek(fp, 0l, SEEK_END) == -1)
 		return NULL;

util.h

@@ -6,7 +6,15 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
+#include <windows.h> /* SSIZE_T */
+typedef SSIZE_T ssize_t;
+#else
+#include <unistd.h> /* ssize_t */
+#endif
+
+typedef uint8_t pseudo_void;
 
 /* some ANSI color codes */
 #define C_RED     "\x1b[31m"
@@ -27,6 +35,8 @@
 
 #define C_RESET   "\x1b[m"
 
+void sleep_secs(double secs);
+
 #define ERRSZ 4096
 extern char errbuf[ERRSZ];
 extern bool err;
@@ -67,6 +77,8 @@ char *psndup(Pool *p, const char *s, size_t n);
 intmax_t stoimax(const char *s, size_t n, size_t base, ssize_t *endpos /* -1 on success */);
 /* convert a non-null-terminated string to a double */
 double stod(const char *s, size_t n, ssize_t *endpos /* -1 on success */);
+/* return the escape sequence for a given character; return NULL if there is none */
+const char *unescape_char(char c);
 
 /* sets errno on failure */
 char *mreadfile(FILE *fp);

vm.c

@@ -3,33 +3,50 @@
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-#define INIT_STACK_CAP 256
+#define INIT_STACK_CAP 128
 
 typedef struct Stack {
 	Value *mem;
+	bool *holds_value;
 	size_t len, cap;
 } Stack;
 
 static Stack stack_make(void);
 static void stack_term(Stack *s);
 static void stack_fit(Stack *s, size_t idx);
+static void stack_assign(Stack *s, size_t idx, const Value *v);
 
 static Stack stack_make(void) {
 	Stack s;
 	s.mem = xmalloc(sizeof(Value) * INIT_STACK_CAP);
+	s.holds_value = xmalloc(sizeof(bool) * INIT_STACK_CAP);
 	s.cap = INIT_STACK_CAP;
 	s.len = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < s.cap; i++)
+		s.holds_value[i] = false;
 	return s;
 }
 
 static void stack_term(Stack *s) {
+	/* free any dynamically allocated objects still alive */
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < s->cap; i++) {
+		if (s->holds_value[i])
+			free_value(&s->mem[i], false);
+	}
+	/* free the stack memory itself */
 	free(s->mem);
+	free(s->holds_value);
 }
 
 static void stack_fit(Stack *s, size_t idx) {
 	size_t size = idx+1;
 	if (size > s->cap) {
-		s->mem = xrealloc(s->mem, sizeof(Value) * (size + (s->cap *= 2)));
+		size_t new_cap = size + s->cap * 2;
+		s->mem = xrealloc(s->mem, sizeof(Value) * new_cap);
+		s->holds_value = xrealloc(s->holds_value, sizeof(bool) * new_cap);
+		for (size_t i = s->cap; i < new_cap; i++)
+			s->holds_value[i] = false;
+		s->cap = new_cap;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -42,67 +59,161 @@ static Value *irparam_to_val(Stack *s, IRParam *v) {
 		ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 }
 
-void run(const IRToks *ir, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs) {
+static void stack_assign(Stack *s, size_t idx, const Value *v) {
+	stack_fit(s, idx);
+	if (s->holds_value[idx])
+		free_value(&s->mem[idx], false); /* free any overwritten heap-allocated values */
+	s->mem[idx] = *v;
+	s->holds_value[idx] = true;
+}
+
+void run(IRList *ir, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs) {
 	/* so we don't have to call malloc on every function call */
 	size_t fn_args_cap = 16;
 	Value *fn_args = xmalloc(sizeof(Value) * fn_args_cap);
 
+	/* so we can use index-based addressing */
+	irlist_update_index(ir);
+
 	Stack s = stack_make();
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < ir->len;) {
-		IRTok *instr = &ir->toks[i];
+	for (IRItem *i = ir->begin; i;) {
+		IRTok *instr = &i->tok;
 		err_ln = instr->ln;
 		err_col = instr->col;
 		switch (instr->instr) {
 			case IRSet:
 			case IRNeg:
-			case IRNot:
-				stack_fit(&s, instr->Unary.addr);
-				TRY_ELSE(s.mem[instr->Unary.addr] = eval_unary(instr->instr, irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->Unary.val)),
+			case IRNot: {
+				Value res;
+				TRY_ELSE(res = eval_unary(instr->instr, irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->Unary.val)),
 					{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+				stack_assign(&s, instr->Unary.addr, &res);
 				break;
+			}
+			case IRAddrOf: {
+				if (instr->Unary.val.kind != IRParamAddr) {
+					set_err("Unable to take the address of a literal");
+					free(fn_args);
+					stack_term(&s);
+					return;
+				}
+				Value *v = &s.mem[instr->Unary.val.Addr];
+				Value res = {
+					.type = TypePtr,
+					.Ptr = {
+						.type = v->type,
+						.val = &v->Void,
+					},
+				};
+				stack_assign(&s, instr->Unary.addr, &res);
+				break;
+			}
 			case IRAdd:
 			case IRSub:
 			case IRDiv:
 			case IRMul:
 			case IREq:
+			case IRNeq:
 			case IRLt:
 			case IRLe:
 			case IRAnd:
-			case IROr:
-				stack_fit(&s, instr->Binary.addr);
-				TRY_ELSE(s.mem[instr->Binary.addr] = eval_binary(instr->instr,
+			case IROr: {
+				Value res;
+				TRY_ELSE(res = eval_binary(instr->instr,
 					irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->Binary.lhs),
 					irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->Binary.rhs)),
 					{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+				stack_assign(&s, instr->Binary.addr, &res);
 				break;
+			}
 			case IRJmp:
-				i = instr->Jmp.iaddr;
+				if (instr->Jmp.iaddr < ir->len)
+					i = ir->index[instr->Jmp.iaddr];
+				else
+					i = NULL;
 				continue;
 			case IRJnz:
 				if (is_nonzero(irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->CJmp.condition))) {
-					i = instr->Jmp.iaddr;
+					if (instr->Jmp.iaddr < ir->len)
+						i = ir->index[instr->CJmp.iaddr];
+					else
+						i = NULL;
 					continue;
 				}
 				break;
 			case IRCallInternal: {
 				const BuiltinFunc *f = &builtin_funcs[instr->CallI.fid];
+				size_t n_args = instr->CallI.n_args;
 				/* make sure enough space for our arguments is allocated */
-				if (f->n_args > fn_args_cap)
-					fn_args = xrealloc(fn_args, sizeof(Value) * (fn_args_cap = f->n_args));
+				if (n_args > fn_args_cap)
+					fn_args = xrealloc(fn_args, sizeof(Value) * (fn_args_cap = n_args));
 				/* copy arguments into buffer */
-				for (size_t i = 0; i < f->n_args; i++)
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < n_args; i++)
 					fn_args[i] = *irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->CallI.args[i]);
 
-				stack_fit(&s, instr->CallI.ret_addr);
-				TRY_ELSE(s.mem[instr->CallI.ret_addr] = f->func(fn_args),
-					{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+				if (f->returns) {
+					Value res;
+					if (f->kind == FuncVarArgs) {
+						size_t min_args = f->VarArgs.min_args;
+						TRY_ELSE(res = f->VarArgs.WithRet.func(n_args - min_args, fn_args),
+							{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+					} else if (f->kind == FuncFixedArgs) {
+						TRY_ELSE(res = f->FixedArgs.WithRet.func(fn_args),
+							{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+					} else
+						ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+					stack_assign(&s, instr->CallI.ret_addr, &res);
+				} else {
+					if (f->kind == FuncVarArgs) {
+						size_t min_args = f->VarArgs.min_args;
+						TRY_ELSE(f->VarArgs.NoRet.func(n_args - min_args, fn_args),
+							{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+					} else if (f->kind == FuncFixedArgs) {
+						TRY_ELSE(f->FixedArgs.NoRet.func(fn_args),
+							{free(fn_args); stack_term(&s);});
+					} else
+						ASSERT_UNREACHED();
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+			case IRArrMake: {
+				size_t arr_len = instr->ArrMake.len, arr_cap = instr->ArrMake.cap;
+				Value arr = {
+					.type = TypeArr,
+					.Arr = {
+						.type = TypeVoid,
+						.is_string = false,
+						.dynamically_allocated = true,
+						.vals = NULL,
+						.len = arr_len,
+						.cap = arr_len ? arr_cap : 0,
+					},
+				};
+				if (arr_len) {
+					Type arr_ty = irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->ArrMake.vals[0])->type;
+					void *arr_vals = xmalloc(type_size[arr_ty] * arr_cap);
+					for (size_t j = 0; j < arr_len; j++) {
+						Value *v = irparam_to_val(&s, &instr->ArrMake.vals[j]);
+						if (v->type != arr_ty) {
+							set_err("Type of array item %zu (%s) differs from array type (%s)", j, type_str[v->type], type_str[arr_ty]);
+							free(arr_vals);
+							free(fn_args);
+							stack_term(&s);
+							return;
+						}
+						memcpy((uint8_t*)arr_vals + type_size[arr_ty] * j, &v->Void, type_size[arr_ty]);
+					}
+					arr.Arr.type = arr_ty;
+					arr.Arr.vals = arr_vals;
+				}
+				stack_assign(&s, instr->ArrMake.arr_addr, &arr);
 				break;
 			}
 			default:
 				ASSERT_UNREACHED();
 		}
 
-		i++;
+		i = i->next;
 	}
 	stack_term(&s);
 	free(fn_args);

vm.h

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 
 #include "ir.h"
 
-void run(const IRToks *ir, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs);
+void run(IRList *ir, const BuiltinFunc *builtin_funcs);
 
 #endif /* VM_H */